الأهمية الأثرية لهواكا سانتا كاتالينا: التقاء الثقافات
هواكا سانتا كاتالينا، موقع أثري يقع في منطقة لا فيكتوريا، كلس, Peru, stands as a testament to the rich cultural tapestry woven by the Ychsma and Inca civilizations. This site, positioned at coordinates 12°05’35” S and 77°01’29” W with an altitude of 138 meters above sea level, has been a focal point of historical and cultural significance, reflecting the intricate interactions between these two ما قبل الكولومبية مجتمعات.
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التقاطع الثقافي: يتشسما والإنكا
The Ychsma, a lordship that thrived on the central coast of بيرو, had Pachacámac as their main ceremonial center. Renowned for their agricultural prowess in the Lurín and Rímac valleys, the Ychsma also excelled in fishing and large-scale trade. Their influence spanned three centuries, during which they established several ceremonial sites, including Huaca Santa Catalina, which was part of the Limatambo curacazgo. This area also encompassed other significant huacas such as Balconcillo, Matalechucita, the University, and Limatambo.
في القرن 15th ، و أبدا Empire, in its expansion, peacefully annexed the Ychsma kingdom. True to their conquest strategies, the Incas respected the local cults, including that of the god Pachacámac. This annexation marked a period of increased significance for Huaca Santa Catalina, which saw its role expand to include functions as a cemetery, indicating its continued prestige across different eras.
الاكتشافات الأثرية وجهود الحفظ
Between 1969 and 1974, the first major excavations and restorations were undertaken by archaeologists Humberto Ghersi and Jorge Zegarra. These efforts unearthed ceramics, textiles, tools, and sea shells from both the Ychsma and Inca periods. Notably, cylindrical adobe bricks were discovered, differing from the more common rectangular prism shape, suggesting unique construction techniques.
In 2002, Huaca Santa Catalina was declared a cultural heritage of the nation. Subsequent efforts by the Ministry of Culture, the Copesco Plan, and the municipality of La Victoria have focused on its preservation and study. From 2014 to 2016, the site was part of an educational initiative, “La Huaca tells us,” aimed at fostering archaeological interest among students.
السيراميك والهندسة المعمارية: مزيج من التقاليد
The ceramics found at Huaca Santa Catalina reveal a blend of Ychsma and Inca influences. Prior to Inca influence, Ychsma ceramics were characterized by their simplicity and lack of polychrome decoration. However, they produced distinctive anthropomorphic figurines and “faced jugs,” with a red slip and white paint known as “dried paint.” With the arrival of the Incas, the ceramic styles diversified, incorporating anthropomorphic arybalos and phytomorphic vessels, indicative of the broader cultural exchanges between the two civilizations.
تتميز الهندسة المعمارية في Huaca Santa Catalina بالخطوات هرم with an almost quadrangular floor plan. The construction utilized adobe blocks composed of mud, earth, and stone, including distinctive cylindrical adobes. The site’s layout, including a small labyrinth at the top, suggests dual functions as an administrative center and a religious site, reflecting its role in the Inca road network and as a pre-Hispanic cemetery.
التسلسل الزمني والسياق التاريخي
يعود تاريخ بناء وذروة هواكا سانتا كاتالينا إلى أواخر الفترة المتوسطة، وتحديداً بين عامي 1100 و1440م، حسب تصنيف جون رو. تشمل هذه الفترة تطور الموقع من خلال ثقافتي يشسما والإنكا، وبلغت ذروتها بضمها من قبل توباك يوبانكي حوالي عام 1440 م.
Huaca Santa Catalina serves as a vivid reminder of the complex interactions and cultural syncretism between the Ychsma and Inca civilizations. Its preservation and study continue to offer invaluable insights into the pre-Columbian history of Peru, underscoring the importance of archaeological endeavors in understanding our collective past.
مصادر:
Neural Pathways عبارة عن مجموعة من الخبراء والباحثين المتمرسين الذين لديهم شغف عميق لكشف ألغاز التاريخ القديم والتحف. بفضل ثروة من الخبرة المجمعة الممتدة على مدى عقود، أثبتت شركة Neural Pathways نفسها كصوت رائد في مجال الاستكشاف والتفسير الأثري.